Giancoli Physics 6th Edition Chapter 2 Solutions Pdf

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Giancoli physics for Engineers and Scientists (6th) solutions

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1. CHAPTER 1: Introduction, Measurement, Estimating Answers to Questions 1.(a) Fundamental standards should be accessible, invariable, indestructible, and reproducible. A particular persons foot would not be very accessible, since the person could not be at more than one place at a time. The standard would be somewhat invariable if the person were an adult, but even then, due to swelling or injury, the length of the standard foot could change. The standard would not be indestructible the foot would not last forever. The standard could be reproducible tracings or plaster casts could be made as secondary standards. (b) If any persons foot were to be used as a standard, standard would vary significantly depending on the person whose foot happened to be used most recently for a measurement. The standard would be very accessible, because wherever a measurement was needed, it would be very easy to find someone with feet. The standard would be extremely variable perhaps by a factor of 2. That also renders the standard as not reproducible, because there could be many reproductions that were quite different from each other. The standard would be almost indestructible in that there is essentially a limitless supply of feet to be used.2.There are various ways to alter the signs. The number of meters could be expressed in one significant figure, as 900 m (3000 ft). Or, the number of feet could be expressed with the same precision as the number of meters, as 914 m (2999 ft). The signs could also be moved to different locations, where the number of meters was more exact. For example, if a sign was placed where the elevation was really 1000 m to the nearest meter, then the sign could read 1000 m (3280 ft).3.Including more digits in an answer does not necessarily increase its accuracy. The accuracy of an answer is determined by the accuracy of the physical measurement on which the answer is based. If you draw a circle, measure its diameter to be 168 mm and its circumference to be 527 mm, their quotient, representing , is 3.136904762. The last seven digits are meaningless they imply a greater accuracy than is possible with the measurements.4.The problem is that the precision of the two measurements are quite different. It would be more appropriate to give the metric distance as 11 km, so that the numbers are given to about the same precision (nearest mile or nearest km).5.A measurement must be measured against a scale, and the units provide that scale. Units must be specified or the answer is meaningless the answer could mean a variety of quantities, and could be interpreted in a variety of ways. Some units are understood, such as when you ask someone how old they are. You assume their answer is in years. But if you ask someone how long it will be until they are done with their task, and they answer five, does that mean five minutes or five hours or five days? If you are in an international airport, and you ask the price of some object, what does the answer ten mean? Ten dollars, or ten pounds, or ten marks, or ten euros?6.If the jar is rectangular, for example, you could count the number of marbles along each dimension, and then multiply those three numbers together for an estimate of the total number of marbles. If the jar is cylindrical, you could count the marbles in one cross section, and then multiply by the number of layers of marbles. Another approach would be to estimate the volume of one marble. If we assume that the marbles are stacked such that their centers are all on vertical and horizontal lines, then each marble would require a cube of edge 2R, or a volume of 8R3, where R is the radius of a marble. The number of marbles would then be the volume of the container divided by 8R3. 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.1

2. Chapter 1Introduction, Measurement, Estimating7.The result should be written as 8.32 cm. The factor of 2 used to convert radius to diameter is exact it has no uncertainty, and so does not change the number of significant figures.8.sin 30.0o9.Since the size of large eggs can vary by 10%, the random large egg used in a recipe has a size with an uncertainty of about 5% . Thus the amount of the other ingredients can also vary by about 5% and not adversely affect the recipe.0.50010. In estimating the number of car mechanics, the assumptions and estimates needed are: the population of the city the number of cars per person in the city the number of cars that a mechanic can repair in a day the number of days that a mechanic works in a year the number of times that a car is taken to a mechanic, per year We estimate that there is 1 car for every 2 people, that a mechanic can repair 3 cars per day, that a mechanic works 250 days a year, and that a car needs to be repaired twice per year. (a) For San Francisco, we estimate the population at one million people. The number of mechanics is found by the following calculation. 1 106 people1 car 2 people2repairs 1 yryear 1 car250 workdays1 mechanic repairs 3 workday1300 mechanics(b) For Upland, Indiana, the population is about 4000. The number of mechanics is found by a similar calculation, and would be 5 mechanics . There are actually two repair shops in Upland, employing a total of 6 mechanics.Solutions to Problems 1.(a) 14 billion years (b)1.4 1010 years1.4 1010 y 3.156 107 s 1 y(a) 2143 significant figures(b) 81.602.4.4 1017 s4 significant figures(c)7.03(d) 0.033 significant figures1 significant figure(e)0.00862 significant figures(f)32364 significant figures(g) 87002 significant figures 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.2 3. Physics: Principles with Applications, 6th EditionGiancoli(a) 1.1561.156 100(b) 21.83.2.18 101(c)0.00682.7635 101(d) 27.635 (e)4.0.219(f)4442.19 10(a) 8.69 10 4(c) 8.8 1086, 9009,100 10.88(d) 4.76 10 2 (e) 3.62 105476 0.0000362The uncertainty is taken to be 0.01 m. 0.01 m % uncertainty 100% 1.57 m 0.25 m6.% uncertainty7.(a) % uncertainty3.76 m(b) % uncertainty (c) 8.14.44 102(b) 9.1 1035.36.8 10% uncertainty100%0.2 s1%6.6%100%300 s0.4%100%50 s 0.2 s4%100%5s 0.2 s0.07%To add values with significant figures, adjust all values to be added so that their exponents are all the same. 9.2 103 s 8.3 10 4 s 0.008 106 s 9.2 103 s 83 103 s 8 103 s 9.2 83 8 103 s 100 103 s 1.00 105 s When adding, keep the least accurate value, and so keep to the ones place in the parentheses.9.2.079 10 2 m 0.082 1011.7 m . When multiplying, the result should have as many digits asthe number with the least number of significant digits used in the calculation. 10. To find the approximate uncertainty in the area, calculate the area for the specified radius, the minimum radius, and the maximum radius. Subtract the extreme areas. The uncertainty in the area is then half this variation in area. The uncertainty in the radius is assumed to be 0.1 104 cm . 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.3 4. Chapter 1Introduction, Measurement, Estimating2 rspecifiedAspecified23.8 10 4 cm4.5 109 cm 2Amin2 rmin3.7 104 cm24.30 109 cm 2Amax2 rmax3.9 10 4 cm24.78 109 cm 2A1 2Amax1 2Amin4.78 109 cm 2Thus the area should be quoted as A4.30 109 cm 24.5 0.20.24 109 cm 2109 cm 211. To find the approximate uncertainty in the volume, calculate the volume for the specified radius, the minimum radius, and the maximum radius. Subtract the extreme volumes. The uncertainty in the volume is then half this variation in volume. 4 3Vspecified3 rspecifiedVmin4 33 rminVmax4 33 rmax1 2V4 3 4 34 32.77 m1 2The percent uncertainty is9.80 101 m 338.903 101 m 3310.754 101 m 32.95 mVmax Vmin32.86 m10.754 101 m 3 8.903 101 m 3V0.923 101 m 3Vspecified9.80 101 m 31000.926 101 m 30.094449%286.6 10 3 m0.286 6 m85 10 6 V0.000 085 V760 mg760 10 6 kg0.000 760 kg (if last zero is significant)(d) 60.0 ps60.0 10 12 s0.000 000 000 0600 s(e)22.5 fm22.5 10 15 m0.000 000 000 000 022 5 m(f)2.50 gigavolts2.5 109 volts2, 500, 000, 000 volts12. (a) 286.6 mm (b) 85 V (c)13. (a) 1 106 volts (b) 2 10 6 meters (c)36 10 days1 megavolt1 Mvolt2 micrometers 6 kilodays2 m6 kdays(d) 18 102 bucks18 hectobucks(e) 8 10 9 pieces8 nanopieces18 hbucks 8 npieces14. (a) Assuming a height of 5 feet 10 inches, then 5 '10" (b) Assuming a weight of 165 lbs, then 165 lbs70 in 1 m 39.37 in0.456 kg 1 lb1.8 m75.2 kgTechnically, pounds and mass measure two separate properties. To make this conversion, we have to assume that we are at a location where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2. 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.4 5. Physics: Principles with Applications, 6th EditionGiancoli15. (a) 93 million miles93 10 6 miles 1610 m 1 mile11 9 (b) 1.5 10 m 150 10 m16. (a) 1 ft 2 (b) 1 m 21 ft 2 1 m2150 gigameters or 1.5 1011 m 21 yd 3 ft1.5 1011 m 0.15 1012 m0.15 terameters0.111 yd 2 23.28 ft 1 m10.8 ft 217. Use the speed of the airplane to convert the travel distance into a time. 1h 3600 s 1.00 km 3.8 s 950 km 1h 18. (a) 1.0 10 (b)1.0 cm10m1.0 10 1m10m39.37 in 1 m1 atom100 cm1.0 10103.9 10 9 in1.0 108 atomsm19. To add values with significant figures, adjust all values to

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